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Education in Victoria, Australia is supervised by the Department of Education and Training (DET), which is part of the State Government and whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'. It acts as advisor to two state ministers, that for Education and for Children and Early Childhood Development. Education in Victoria follows the three-tier model consisting of primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools or secondary colleges) and tertiary education (Universities and TAFE Colleges). School education is compulsory in Victoria between the ages of six and seventeen.〔''Education and Training Reform Act'' 2006, sec. 2.1.1〕 A student is free to leave school on turning seventeen, which is prior to completing secondary education. In recent years over three quarters of students are reported to be staying on until they are eighteen, at the end of the secondary school level. Government schools educate about two thirds of Victorian students, with the other third in independent schools, a proportion which is rising in many parts of Australia. Education in government schools until year 12 is free,〔''Education and Training Reform Act'' 2006, sec. 2.2.4〕 but this does not apply to overseas students nor to students over the age of 20 on 1 January of the year of enrolment. Independent schools, both religious and secular, charge fees, which are subsidised by the Federal and State governments. Although non-tertiary public education is free, 35% of students attend a private primary or secondary school. The most numerous private schools are Catholic, and the rest are independent (see Public and Private Education in Australia). Regardless of whether a school is government or independent, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks. Education in all government schools must be secular and not promote any particular religious practice, denomination or sect.〔''Education and Training Reform Act'' 2006, sec. 2.2.10〕 Most school students, be they in a government or independent school, usually wear uniforms, although there are varying expectations and some schools do not require uniforms. Post-compulsory education is regulated within the Australian Qualifications Framework, a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training (TAFE) and the higher education sector (university). The academic year in Victoria generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and TAFE colleges, and from late February until mid-November for universities. Victorian schools operate on a four term basis. Schools are closed for the Victorian public holidays. Universities observe the Commonwealth public holidays. ==History== Prior to 1872 religious/denominational schools were maintained separately from government schools. The Denominational School Board provided for denominational schools and the National School Board, later the Board of Education, provided government sponsored secular education. In 1872, following growing dissatisfaction with State aid to religious schools and the burgeoning cost of funding and administering a dual school system, the government introduced free, compulsory and secular education and established the first Education Department. The Department became the employer of government teachers and Victoria had a Minister for Education. State aid to denominational schools ended in 1874.〔''A history of state education in Victoria''. (1922) With an introd. by Alexander J. Peacock〕 The 'free, secular and compulsory' Education Act of 1872 put Victorian education in a legislative context that would continue for more than 100 years. It created the ''Education Department of Victoria'' under a Cabinet Minister. It also took away power from local government "and parents, withdrew State aid from church schools, centralised recruitment, training and dispersal of teachers, separated secular from religious instruction, abolished fees and mandated attendance for children between the ages of 6 and 15".〔Theobald, Marjorie and Swain, Shurlee ''Education, Primary'' in ''eMelbourne the City Past and Present''()〕 ''"The depression of the 1890s left the teaching service demoralised. Buildings deteriorated and the curriculum stagnated until 1902 when Frank Tate was appointed Victoria's first director of education, charged with implementing the recommendations of the 1899 Fink Royal Commission to modernise the system. Tate became the apostle of a child-centred pedagogy, introducing kindergarten methods into the Infant Departments and broadening the primary curriculum to include the manual arts, elementary science, music, literature, history and physical education."''〔 After World War II the baby boom and postwar immigration precipitated a crisis in Victoria's schools. In the new suburbs of Melbourne children were crowded into large classes in church halls and other temporary accommodation until schools could be completed, while the old brick schools of the inner suburbs struggled to accommodate large numbers of children from non-English-speaking backgrounds. As high schools extended across the city, primary schools, stripped of grades 7 and 8, no longer provided their pupils' total education experience. An acute shortage of teachers saw married women cajoled to return to the classroom, although without the benefit of permanent employment. The 1970s saw Victoria's primary schools transformed with a new flowering of child-centred pedagogy, school-based curriculum development, multiculturalism, a more genuine partnership with parents, a more militant brand of teacher unionism and the dedication of married women teachers who were readmitted on a permanent basis in 1956.〔 From 1979 to 1982 the Hamer Liberal government initiated and implemented the most significant and far-reaching reorganisation of the Victorian Education Department in the 20th Century.()〔''Aims and Objectives of Education in Victoria'' Ministerial Statement by The Hon A.J.Hunt MLC Minister of Education in the Legislative Council and The Hon Norman Lacy MP Assistant Minister of Education in the Legislative Assembly on 12 December 1979〕〔Alan Hunt and Norman Lacy, ''Strategies and Structures for Education in Victoria'', Victorian Government Printer, 1981〕〔Alan J. Hunt, "A Government Thrusts Towards Change" in M Frazer, J Dunstan, P Creed Eds., ''Perspectives on Organisational Change'', Longmans, 1985, pp 13 - 32〕 The Hon Alan Hunt as Minister of Education (1979 – 1982) and the Hon Norman Lacy as Assistant Minister of Education (1979 – 1980) and Minister for Educational Services (1980 – 1982) were jointly responsible for the reform policy development process and the early stages of its implementation.〔Murray Landt - Past President Victorian Primary Principals Association - "The years 1980 and 1981 were very significant years in the history of state education in Victoria. For the first time in eighty years there was a complete restructure of the Education Department. "〕 Together they made a formidable team in the pursuit of their mission to reform the administration of the centralised and inefficient Department. Hunt appointed Lacy Chairman of the ''Ministerial Consultative Committee'' that steered the project in its early phase and the ''Implementation Steering Committee'' later. Lacy's managerial and educational philosophy were a significant influence on the process and the outcome.() () He pulled together an impressive group of people from academia and business to assist him as well as PA Management Consultants.() The Government legislated - at the end of 1981 - to scrap the teaching divisions (Primary, Secondary and Technical) and to remove the statutory bodies (The Committee of Classifiers and the Teachers’ Tribunal).()〔''Education (Amendment) Bill'' Explanatory Second Reading Speech by The Hon. Norman Lacy MP Minister of Educational Services in the Legislative Assembly on 10 September 1981〕 Hunt and Lacy sought and obtained the support of the Labor opposition and the National Party. When the Cain Labor government won office at the April 1982 election the new Minister of Education, the Hon Robert Fordham (1982 – 1985) instituted a policy review by a Ministerial Review Committee headed by Dr Ken McKinnon.〔Robert C. Fordham, "A New Government’s Organisational Review" in M Frazer, J Dunstan, P Creed Eds., ''Perspectives on Organisational Change'', Longmans, 1985, pp 57 - 70〕 The Committee made up mostly of teacher union and parent organisation representatives recommended modifications which Fordham went on to incorporate as he completed the implementation of the restructuring of the Department generally as recommended by the White Paper. Fordham had supported the general thrust of the reform process in opposition and followed through on the project when in government. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Education in Victoria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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